06 novembre 2009
TOBACCO-CONTROL PROGRAMS
The use of evidence-based best practices for tobacco control has been widely promoted
and has succeeded in reducing tobacco use in the United States. Reducing tobacco use poses
special challenges because tobacco products are legal and easy to acquire, highly addictive, and
heavily promoted by the tobacco industry. About 50% of current everyday smokers attempt to
quit each year, but only 4–7% of those are successful. Creation of a tobacco-free culture thus
could be enhanced by development of an environment that encourages abstinence, denormalizes
tobacco use, and makes a variety of prevention and cessation services available.
Successful comprehensive tobacco-control programs with demonstrable, albeit
incomplete, effectiveness have been developed and implemented by numerous organizations,
including the National Cancer Institute and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; state
governments, including those of California and Massachusetts; and commercial organizations.
The programs use a combination of educational, clinical, social, and regulatory strategies to
denormalize tobacco use. Comprehensive tobacco-control programs vary in target audience, size,
funding sources, and administrative oversight and governance, but they share several key
components that contribute to their success: the development and implementation of a strategic
plan, dynamic leadership, effective and enforceable policies, communication interventions,
adequate resources, appropriate therapeutic interventions (including those for special
populations), surveillance and evaluation of effectiveness, and management capacity to bring
about change in response to the evaluation. If implemented in constructive harmony, those key
components can provide DoD and VA with the capacity to develop and operate their own
tobacco-control programs.
Communication interventions can increase tobacco users’ awareness of the benefits and
means of tobacco cessation, educate potential users about the hazards posed by tobacco, and
change social norms and attitudes toward tobacco. Public-education campaigns can inform
consumers about cessation medications or other interventions, such as quitlines. Conversely, the
advertising of tobacco products, particularly aimed at young adults, can increase demand for
tobacco products.
Smoking restrictions are most effective when they apply to a variety of public and private
settings, when they ban tobacco use completely rather than partially, and when they are strictly
enforced. Many governments, businesses, education institutions, and health-care facilities have
adopted and enforce tobacco-free policies.
The tobacco retail environment encompasses the accessibility of tobacco products and the
promotion of tobacco products, both at the point of sale and through advertising. Increased
tobacco prices, restricted access to products, and decreased out-of-pocket costs for treatment all
reduce consumption. Increasing tobacco prices is one of the most effective mechanisms both to
prevent tobacco use and to fund tobacco-control efforts. However, as tobacco taxes and tobaccofree
regulations have increased, tobacco manufacturers have responded with the development
and promotion of new tobacco products, particularly varieties of smokeless tobacco. The
advertising of those products increases their consumption.
Studies show that the rate and duration of tobacco abstinence are increased when
cessation interventions are used, but only about 21% of smokers who attempted to quit for at
least 1 day in the preceding year used a cessation medication. Behavioral interventions shown to
have some consistent effectiveness include brief advice and assistance from a health-care
provider during routine health-care visits, multisession telephone counseling, and face-to-face
group and individual treatment. Those interventions are most effective when combined with
pharmacologic treatments approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Combined
interventions can result in long-term abstinence rates of more than 30%. Effectiveness has a
dose-response relationship: multisession intensive interventions achieve significantly higher
abstinence rates than brief interventions. FDA-approved tobacco-cessation medications are
primarily nicotine-replacement therapies (such as nicotine gum or patch), bupropion, and
varenicline. The Public Health Service (PHS) clinical-practice guideline Treating Tobacco Use
and Dependence: 2008 Update provides an evidence base for tobacco-cessation treatments.
15 septembre 2009
Caffeine Use
Caffeine is a mild central nervous system stimulant found in coffee beans, tea leaves and
cocoa beans. The question during recovery is whether or not we can handle a doubling of
our normal daily caffeine intake without experiencing “caffeine jitters” or other
symptoms of over-stimulation?
Nicotine somehow doubles the rate by which the body depletes caffeine. What’s that
mean? It means that if we were drinking 2 cups of coffee while using nicotine, once
nicotine use ends the stimulant effect of those two cups of coffee might now feel like 4
cups.
According to a 1997 study, “continuous caffeine consumption with smoking cessation has
been associated with more than doubled caffeine plasma levels.
Such concentrations may
be sufficient to produce caffeine toxicity symptoms in smoking abstinence conditions.”
The study found “a significant linear increase in caffeine sputum levels across 3 weeks
post cessation,” and that “three weeks after cessation, concentrations reached 203% of
baseline for the caffeine user.”
12 août 2009
British American Tobacco
British American Tobacco (BAT) which dates to 1902 and sells more
than 300 brands worldwide. BAT’s international brands include Dunhill, Kent, Lucky
Strike, Pall Mall, Vogue, Rothmans, Peter Stuyvesant, Benson & Hedges, Winfield, John
Player, State Express 555, Kool and Viceroy. It does not own all these brands but is licensed
by other companies to distribute them. Here are a few BAT admissions.
November 1961 - Smoking “differs in important features from addiction to other
alkaloid drugs, but yet there are sufficient similarities to justify stating that smokers are
nicotine addicts.”
1967- “There has been significant progress in understanding why people smoke and the
opinion is hardening in medical circles that the pharmacological effects of nicotine play
an important part... It may be useful, therefore, to look at the tobacco industry as if for a
large part its business is the administration of nicotine (in the clinical sense).”
August 1979 - “We are searching explicitly for a socially acceptable addictive product.
The essential constituent is most likely to be nicotine or a direct substitute for it.”
April 1980 - “In a world of increased government intervention, B.A.T should learn to
look at itself as a drug company rather than as a tobacco company.”66
In light of the above tiny sampling of tobacco industry admissions, should there be any
doubt in our minds as to who was slave and who was master, who profited and who lost?
02 juillet 2009
Cigarette exports and imports
Turkey neither exported nor imported cigarettes until 1981 when the first cigarettes were exported,
with the first imports following in 1984. It became a net importer of cigarettes, with a trade deficit of
US$56 million in 1985, reaching a peak of US$289 million in 1990. Imports fell from 1991, reaching
a negligible level in 1999.
Cigarette exports, in contrast, started increasing after 1990, peaking at
84 Tobacco in Turkey
US$100 million in 1997. Consequently, in 1995, the trade deficit in cigarettes was reversed to a trade
surplus, with the country becoming a net cigarette exporter in 1999. The foreign exchange earning
from cigarette trade amounted to US$68 million in 1999
18 mai 2009
History Gitanes cigarette
The cigarette
Traditional Gauloises were short, wide, unfiltered and made with dark
tobaccos from Syria and Turkey which gave off a strong and distinctive
aroma. Some non-smokers likened this to burning tar or the smoke of
what King James I of England, in A Counterblast to Tobacco, called
"that pit which is bottomless".
Brand History
The brand name itself is interesting. In France, they say la langue
gauloise, mythologising the way in which the "Gauls" resisted Roman
hegemony — the more modern books and Paris theme park featuring
"Asterix the Gaul" continue the process. To name a brand as 'French' is
therefore to label it in a particularly iconic way, matching archetypes
of heroism and patriotism.
During its zenith between the World Wars,
the smoking of Gauloises in France was considered patriotic and an
affiliation with French "heartland" values. The brand was irrevocably
associated with the cigarette-smoking poilu (a slang term for the
French infantryman in the trenches) and the resistance fighters during
the Vichy occupation of France. During the wars, smoking was
characterised as "the soldier's breakfast" — a willingness to sacrifice
the ordinary comforts of daily life and to show solidarity with the
workers and soldiers in the war effort. The brand was also linked to
high-status and inspirational figure representing the worlds of art
(e.g. Pablo Picasso) and the intellectual elite (e.g. Jean Paul
Sartre). George Orwell also mentions that he smokes the brand in Down
and Out in Paris and London. This, together with the romantic
associations of France, makes Gauloises a popular brand among some
writers and artists.
The brand is also featured in the Roman Polanski
film The Tenant and the Robert De Niro and Jean Reno starrer Ronin,
where it is smoked by Jean Reno's character.Smoking Gauloises was also
promoted as a contribution to the national good: a proportion of the
profits from sale of Gauloises flowed to the Regie Francais Tabacs, a
semi-governmental corporation charged with both controlling the use of
tobacco, especially by minors, and directing its profits towards
socially beneficial causes. The designers of the traditional Gauloise
packet reinforced national identity by selecting a peculiarly French
shade of blue (like the blues used in the work of French artist Yves
Klein); this blue contains little compromise with other primary colors.
The legal environment
The cigarette was manufactured by Seita but 1999 proved to be a
landmark year. The legal difficulties crystalised when a French health
insurance fund filed a 51.33 million franc lawsuit against four
cigarette companies, including Seita, to cover the estimated and
continuing costs of treating the illnesses linked to cigarette smoking.
This was followed by an action filed by the family of a deceased heavy
smoker and the French state health insurer, Caisse Primaire d'Assurance
Maladie, claiming compensation for the cost of the deceased's medical
treatment and for producing a dangerous and addictive product.
Consequently, brand management was assigned to Altadis, with joint
French and Spanish ownership, and this company continues manufacture
and international distribution. This company is now facing legal action
in its own right.Following Ireland and New York State among others,
Spain has introduced a ban of smoking in nearly all public places,
which went into effect per January 1st, 2006. In Spain, smoking is
currently allowed only in special smoker's areas in bars. A similar
smoking ban in France, however, died in parliament in November 2005.
05 mai 2009
Longhorns Come to Marlboro Country Man
1967 Longhorns Come to Marlboro Country Man 100's Ad
The Longhorns come to Marlboro Country! The Longhorns. New Marlboro 100’s. Big gold pack. Big flavor, too! Extra long, so you can spend a little more time in Marlboro Country. NEW MARLBORO 100’S
1967 Longhorns Come to Marlboro Country Man 100's Ad - The Longhorns come to Marlboro Country! The Longhorns. New Marlboro 100’s. Big gold pack. Big flavor, too! Extra long, so you can spend a little more time in Marlboro Country. NEW MARLBORO 100’S
1967 Marlboro Country Double-Page Horses Ad
Come to where the flavor is.
1967 Marlboro Country Double-Page Horses Ad - Come to where the flavor is.
1967 Marlboro Country Man Cowboys Horse Ranch Ad
Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country. You get a lot to like with a Marlboro—filter, flavor, pack or box.
1967 Marlboro Country Man Cowboys Horse Ranch Ad - Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country. You get a lot to like with a Marlboro—filter, flavor, pack or box.
1967 Marlboro Country Man in Tack Room Ad
Famous Marlboro Red! And new extra-long Marlboro 100’s— The Longhorns! Either way, You get a lot to like. Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country.
1967 Marlboro Country Man in Tack Room Ad - Famous Marlboro Red! And new extra-long Marlboro 100’s— The Longhorns! Either way, You get a lot to like. Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country.
1967 Marlboro Country Men Smoking in Barn Ad
Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country.
1967 Marlboro Country Men Smoking in Barn Ad - Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country.
“Darn right it’s a filter. But don’t knock the flavor.” “Who’s knocking? I’ve smoked Camels for 12 years. Straight!” Regular or Filter Have a real smoke…have a Camel
1967 Longhorns Come to Marlboro Country Man 100's Ad
The Longhorns come to Marlboro Country! The Longhorns. New Marlboro 100’s. Big gold pack. Big flavor, too! Extra long, so you can spend a little more time in Marlboro Country. NEW MARLBORO 100’S
1967 Longhorns Come to Marlboro Country Man 100's Ad - The Longhorns come to Marlboro Country! The Longhorns. New Marlboro 100’s. Big gold pack. Big flavor, too! Extra long, so you can spend a little more time in Marlboro Country. NEW MARLBORO 100’S
1967 Marlboro Country Double-Page Horses Ad
Come to where the flavor is.
1967 Marlboro Country Double-Page Horses Ad - Come to where the flavor is.
1967 Marlboro Country Man Cowboys Horse Ranch Ad
Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country. You get a lot to like with a Marlboro—filter, flavor, pack or box.
1967 Marlboro Country Man Cowboys Horse Ranch Ad - Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country. You get a lot to like with a Marlboro—filter, flavor, pack or box.
1967 Marlboro Country Man in Tack Room Ad
Famous Marlboro Red! And new extra-long Marlboro 100’s— The Longhorns! Either way, You get a lot to like. Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country.
1967 Marlboro Country Man in Tack Room Ad - Famous Marlboro Red! And new extra-long Marlboro 100’s— The Longhorns! Either way, You get a lot to like. Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country.
1967 Marlboro Country Men Smoking in Barn Ad
Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country.
1967 Marlboro Country Men Smoking in Barn Ad - Come to where the flavor is. Come to Marlboro Country.
16 avril 2009
Association between sex and Lucky Strike Cigarettes
Their use in semi-subliminal advertising indicates that theories and techniques developed by psychologists and others will now be applied regardless of whether their application it is ethical or note. The ad discussed above seems to be one of a long line of Lucky Strike Cigarettes ads that have incorporated semi-subliminal elements. Illustrated here are two ads shown in Stephen Bayley's book The Lucky Strike Cigarettes Packet by Raymond Loewy. One dates back to 1926, the other is more recent and is dated at 1980.
The 1926 ad seems to be pretty innocuous, as is the case with most of these ads. But one simply needs to look more carefully at the different elements of the pattern around the cigarette packet to see that quite a large portion of it is composed of letters. To the top left of the packet is a clear S to the mid right is a clear E. To the bottom left of the pack is an apparent collage of letters. On this reproduction it is not possible to detect a clear X but it seems, nevertheless, that this ad was trying to produce an association between sex and Lucky Strike Cigarettes.
09 avril 2009
Advertising industry
"Ideas to ban outdoor advertising based on the false assumption that people are supposedly less smoking - said Dmitry Redko. - A ban one of the most powerful channels of advertising leads to the continuation of the market. Every advertising restrictions only lead to increased competition in the market for the dominant player ".
Elena Khomenko also confirms that the information on the trademark is the basis of fair competition. "We do not oppose the ban outdoor advertising. But any unforeseen changes will lead to a redistribution of forces and reshuffle in the market "- Elena Khomenko said.
Mr. Krasowski also explains that in some countries, which has been completely banned cigarette advertising, tobacco consumption fell. This advertising industry as a whole has suffered. Affected only a few advertising agencies that worked on advertising of tobacco products. Therefore, in the opinion of Konstantin Krasovsky, in the Ukraine followed a total ban on tobacco advertising. "Only a total ban advertising can reduce tobacco consumption" - he says.
02 avril 2009
Tobacco Slims
Light cigarettes with high-quality tobacco Karelia Slims, made in Greece, Karelia Tobacco Company, four years at the international tobacco market. 6 mg of tar and 0.6 mg of nicotine in cigarettes.
26 mars 2009
Black Russian
The Black Russian campaign seeks to create a classy image. One print ad shows a Black Russian cigarettes against a black background. The eye is drawn first to the gold trim, which makes a viewer think it's a picture of a gold bar. On closer inspection, people can see it's a cigarette. The tagline: "The finest quality since 1879."
A spot breaking in the next month or so will feature a black chess set against a black background, where a gold cross on the king stands out. The chess imagery is meant to evoke Russian identity, luxury and intellectualism, says Graham Mills, executive creative director for Arc London, a Publicis Groupe unit that worked on the campaign.
Russia prohibit tobacco advertising on television and daytime radio but allows it on radio at night, on the inside pages of magazines, and in posters on sites that aren't within 100 meters of a school, according to ZenithOptimedia. Britain by contrast is instituting a ban on print and poster advertising this month; it already bans tobacco ads on TV. The European Parliament recently endorsed a ban on most tobacco publicity as well.
"Russia, relative to other European markets, is the Wild West in terms of what's permitted in advertising and promotion," says Martin Steinik, a tobacco analyst at J.P. Morgan Chase in London.