17 juillet 2009
ESTIMATED IMPACT ON STATE, LOCAL, AND TRIBAL GOVERNMENTS
CBO estimates that
the costs of those mandates to state, local, and tribal governments would be small and
would not exceed the threshold established in UMRA ($69 million in 2009, adjusted
annually for inflation).
The bill would preempt state laws governing tobacco products that are different from or
in addition to the federal regulations authorized by the bill, including laws governing:
• Product standards,
• Premarket review,
• Adulteration,
• Misbranding,
• Labeling,
• Registration,
• Good manufacturing standards, or
• Modified-risk tobacco products.
That preemption would be an intergovernmental mandate as defined in UMRA.
However, because the preemption would simply limit the application of state and local
laws, CBO estimates that it would not impose significant costs on state or local
governments.
07 juillet 2009
Income tobacco effect
Findings on how demand for cigarettes changes as consumers’ income increases are inconsistent. The
estimated coefficient of the income variable in most studies of demand for cigarettes is significant and
positive, implying that cigarettes are “normal” goods and that increasing income would have a positive
effect on demand for cigarettes.
However, a number of studies (e.g., Wasserman et al., 1991, Keeler et
al., 1993, Yurekli and Zhang, 2000), particularly those using cross-sectional survey data also found
that income has either an insignificant effect or negative effect on demand for cigarettes. A metaanalysis
by Andrews and Franke (1991) who used results from 48 studies found that the weighted
mean income elasticity is 0.36, which is significantly greater than zero. They also found that the
income elasticity for cigarettes fell over time.
02 juillet 2009
Cigarette exports and imports
Turkey neither exported nor imported cigarettes until 1981 when the first cigarettes were exported,
with the first imports following in 1984. It became a net importer of cigarettes, with a trade deficit of
US$56 million in 1985, reaching a peak of US$289 million in 1990. Imports fell from 1991, reaching
a negligible level in 1999.
Cigarette exports, in contrast, started increasing after 1990, peaking at
84 Tobacco in Turkey
US$100 million in 1997. Consequently, in 1995, the trade deficit in cigarettes was reversed to a trade
surplus, with the country becoming a net cigarette exporter in 1999. The foreign exchange earning
from cigarette trade amounted to US$68 million in 1999